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Crypto Terms:  Letter S

What is Software Stack?

Meaning:
Software Stack - is a set of layers that work together during software development.
medium
3 minutes

Let's find out Software Stack meaning, definition in crypto, what is Software Stack, and all other detailed facts.

A Software Stack, also known as a solution stack, defines the collection of independent components that engineers utilize in software development. 

Let’s have a look at the most basic example. Operating systems (OS) within computers enable internet browsers to send and receive information in order to function properly. Furthermore, that same internet browser won’t be able to load websites without the web server.

Besides, you’re reading this because you have access to the internet. To browse the internet, you opened up a web browser such as Google Chrome or Apple Safari. These web browsers transfer information through the Internet Protocol (IP). The transmission control protocol (TCP) that’s within the IP suite continues to send over the information. The latter is within the Network Access Layer which is within the Ethernet. Every layer collaborates in order to perform its function. In this case, it’s to open the internet browser and load content. 

This means that each and every layer is connected and can easily send messages to each other. 

There are a lot of different software stacks on the market today. 

The most popular software development solution at the moment is the MEAN Stack. Its name is derived from MongoDB, Express, AngularJS, and Node.js - the main open-source technologies that this software stack utilizes. 

A similar solution is the MERN Stack. It stands for MongoDB, Express, React, and Node.js. This software stack trades AngularJS for React. The development of applications is said to be much smoother with the MERN stack.

Another well-known option is the LAMP Stack which facilitates Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP. All of these open-source technologies can be considered classics as they have been around for a long time. Over 25% of all websites have used LAMP. 

Now, if you’re looking for the term software stack, you probably bumped into a similar term - a technology stack aka tech stack. The main area where the software stack and tech stack differ is their software components.

A tech stack has a much more limited number of components than a software stack. Generally, it includes the hardware, middleware, and an operating system (OS). While the software stack has a much broader list including databases, protocols, runtime environments, various programming languages, and many other components

Essentially, a tech stack utilizes its technologies to build something for a company. For example, to develop new products or provide additional services.

private keys<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Typically, there is a link between software wallets and cryptocurrency exchanges. Moreover, there are software wallets that are connected to exchanges where cryptocurrency trading is facilitated by <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-automated-market-maker-amm/">AMMs or <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-atomic-swap/">atomic swaps<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>What are the main advantages of software wallets?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ease of access.<\/strong> Anyone can have a software wallet since it comes at no cost. This is a substantial advantage over <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-hardware-wallet/">hardware wallets<\/strong><\/a>;<\/li>\n<li><strong>User-friendly. <\/strong>Software wallets are accessible via mobile phones, tablets, and computers;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Convenience.<\/strong> Its users are able to easily participate in exchange by buying and selling cryptocurrencies. Users can also send and receive cryptocurrencies;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Multi-chain support.<\/strong> It supports multi-coin, also known as multi-chain, wallets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","definition":"a type of application whose primary function is to create a virtual space for holding, sending, and receiving cryptocurrencies.","status":"published","meta_title":"What is Software Wallet? Definition & Meaning | Crypto Wiki","meta_description":"Software Wallet meaning: Software Wallet - is a type of application whose primary function is to create a virtual space for holding, sending, and receiving cryptocurrencies.","meta_keywords":null}" :prev-section="{"id":727,"wikipedia_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Software_Library","level":"medium","author_id":1,"created_at":"2023-06-19T06:59:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-12-17T12:26:37.000000Z","slug":"what-is-software-library","title":"What is Software Library?","section":"S","keyword":"Software Library","content":"<p>A <strong>software library<\/strong> is the collection of code elements, such as programming routines or snippets, that can be reused in the development of other software projects. The use of software libraries helps reduce the time spent developing new code and find shortcuts to simplify the programming process.<\/p>\n<p>There are several different types of software libraries that focus on storing different elements of code. The purpose of a software library may depend on whether it&rsquo;s dedicated to the <strong>front or back development<\/strong>, used for data manipulation, or is required for more general programming exercises.<\/p>\n<p>The libraries vary depending on the programming language stored. CSS libraries store code related to design and web development, while <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-javascript/">JavaScript libraries contain &ldquo;cheat codes&rdquo; that make the code more efficient.<\/p>\n<p>All computer code that programmers write is converted to <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-binary-code/">binary (lines of ones and zeros) once it&rsquo;s run on a machine. The processes of converting a high-level language (HLL) code into a binary file that a computer can run are complex and very fast.<\/p>\n<p>The HLL source code is compiled into <strong>assembly source code<\/strong>. The compilations are assigned unique symbols or relocation information.<\/p>\n<p>The assembly code is then converted into binary object files according to the relocation information assignments. The linker reads the relocation information and <strong>replaces the symbols with binary code<\/strong>, creating an executable file that a computer can read and process. This process of program interaction applies to the simplest lines of code.<\/p>\n<p>Libraries play an essential role in program development. Some, such as code generation, dynamic, and <strong>static libraries<\/strong>, are visible to the programmer working on the code. Such system libraries are known as shared since they can be used by several programs simultaneously.<\/p>\n<p>Code generation libraries are used to read external and internal configurations that are forwarded to the compiler. <strong>Dynamic libraries<\/strong>, also known as runtime libraries, are used during the processes of memory allocation and the program&rsquo;s interaction with the <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-operating-system-os/">operational system (OS)<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Static libraries, known as <strong>compile-time<\/strong>, are used during the compilation process to detect relocation information and convert it to executable files.<\/p>\n<h2>Blockchain and Software Libraries<\/h2>\n<p>Software libraries play an essential role in the development of <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-blockchain/">blockchain-based systems. The <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"https:////www.bitdegree.org//crypto//buy-ethereum-eth/">Ethereum blockchain<\/strong><\/a> is perhaps one of the most popular bases for creating blockchain projects. Various token standards, such as <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-erc-20/">ERC-20 or <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-erc-721/">ERC-721, are built on Ethereum and rely on libraries such as web3.js and ethereum.js to simplify the integration process.<\/p>\n<p>The process of programming a blockchain from scratch is expensive, <strong>complicated<\/strong>, and requires a lot of time. Therefore, blockchain software libraries are used to optimize the process and code more efficiently.<\/p>\n<p>The software libraries used in the Ethereum ecosystem employ the unique mechanics of <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-smart-contract/">smart contracts<\/strong><\/a>. These self-executing programs are used to simplify the development of blockchain-based solutions and promote the overall <strong>reusability of code<\/strong> stored in software libraries.<\/p>","definition":"a collection of reusable code that can be applied to other program development projects.","status":"published","meta_title":"What is Software Library? Definition & Meaning | Crypto Wiki","meta_description":"Software Library meaning: Software Library - a collection of reusable code that can be applied to other program development projects.","meta_keywords":null}" :model="{"id":736,"wikipedia_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solution_stack","level":"medium","author_id":1,"created_at":"2023-06-19T06:59:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-12-17T12:27:43.000000Z","slug":"what-is-software-stack","title":"What is Software Stack?","section":"S","keyword":"Software Stack","content":"<p><strong>A Software Stack<\/strong>, also known as a solution stack, defines the collection of independent components that engineers utilize in software development.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Let&rsquo;s have a look at the most basic example. <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-operating-system-os/">Operating systems (OS)<\/strong><\/a> within computers enable internet browsers to send and receive information in order to function properly. Furthermore, that same internet browser won&rsquo;t be able to load websites without the web server.<\/p>\n<p>Besides, you&rsquo;re reading this because you have access to the internet. To browse the internet, you opened up a web browser such as Google Chrome or Apple Safari. These web browsers transfer information through the Internet Protocol (IP). The transmission control protocol (TCP) that&rsquo;s within the IP suite continues to send over the information. The latter is within the Network Access Layer which is within the Ethernet. Every layer collaborates in order to perform its function. In this case, it&rsquo;s to open the internet browser and load content.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This means that each and every layer is connected and can easily send messages to each other.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>There are a lot of different software stacks on the market today.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The most popular software development solution at the moment is <strong>the<\/strong> MEAN Stack. Its name is derived from MongoDB, Express, AngularJS, and Node.js - the main open-source technologies that this software stack utilizes.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>A similar solution is the MERN Stack. It stands for MongoDB, Express, React, and Node.js. This software stack trades AngularJS for React. The development of applications is said to be much smoother with the MERN stack.<\/p>\n<p>Another well-known option is the LAMP Stack which facilitates Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP. All of these <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-open-source/">open-source technologies can be considered classics as they have been around for a long time. Over 25% of all websites have used LAMP.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Now, if you&rsquo;re looking for the term software stack, you probably bumped into a similar term - a technology stack aka tech stack. The main area where the software stack and tech stack differ is their software components.<\/p>\n<p>A tech stack has a much more limited number of components than a software stack. Generally, it includes the hardware, middleware, and an operating system (OS). While <strong>the software stack has a much broader list including databases, protocols, runtime environments, various programming languages, and many other components<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Essentially, a tech stack utilizes its technologies to build something for a company. For example, to develop new products or provide additional services.<\/p>","definition":"is a set of layers that work together during software development.","status":"published","meta_title":"What is Software Stack? Definition & Meaning | Crypto Wiki","meta_description":"Software Stack meaning: Software Stack - is a set of layers that work together during software development.","meta_keywords":null,"author":{"id":1,"user_id":1,"created_at":"2023-05-03T14:30:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-05-11T07:18:20.000000Z","title":"Editor-In-Chief","slug":"aaron-s-editor-in-chief","description":"<p>Having completed a Master&rsquo;s degree on Economics, Politics &amp; Culture for the East Asia region, Aaron has written scientific papers with a comparative analysis of the differences between US&rsquo; Western and Japan&rsquo;s Collective forms of capitalism, 1945-2020.<\/p>\n<p>With close to a decade of experience in the FinTech industry, Aaron understands all of the biggest issues and struggles that crypto enthusiasts face. He&rsquo;s a passionate analyst who is concerned with data-driven and fact-based content, as well as that which speaks to both Web3 natives and industry newcomers.<\/p>\n<p>Aaron is the go-to person for everything and anything related to digital currencies. With a huge passion for blockchain &amp; Web3 education, Aaron strives to transform the space as we know it, and make it more approachable to complete beginners.<\/p>\n<p>Aaron has been quoted by multiple established outlets, and is a published author himself. Even during his free time, he enjoys researching the market trends, and looking for the next supernova.<\/p>","user":{"id":1,"first_name":"Aaron","last_name":"S.","email":"aaron@bitdegree.org","email_sanitized":"aaron@bitdegree.org","email_verified_at":"2023-12-01T09:40:20.000000Z","must_verify_email":false,"is_registered_with_wallet":false,"status":"active","country":"LT","last_connected_ip":"88.119.132.125","image_id":2641,"referral_token":"05TMu2NysXOCn525","referred_by":null,"created_at":"2023-05-03T14:30:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-01-09T15:22:21.000000Z","full_name":"Aaron S."}}}" :chapter-list="[{"id":1,"title":"Blockchain","slug":"blockchain","updated":null,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-blockchain.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/blockchain-101.jpg","rating":100,"sections":[{"chapter_id":1,"order":1,"slug":"what-is-blockchain","title":"What is the Blockchain?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":1,"order":2,"slug":"decentralized-blockchain","title":"Anonymous & Decentralized Blockchains: The Cornerstone of Crypto","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":1,"order":3,"slug":"blockchain-transaction","title":"What is a Blockchain Transaction in Crypto?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":1,"order":4,"slug":"crypto-fees","title":"The Different Types of Crypto Fees Explained","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":1,"order":5,"slug":"what-is-bridging-in-crypto","title":"The Key Notion Behind the Concept of Bridging in Crypto","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":1,"order":6,"slug":"types-of-blockchains","title":"Different Types of Blockchains: What to Look Out For?","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":2,"title":"Cryptocurrencies","slug":"cryptocurrencies","updated":null,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-cryptocurrencies.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/cryptocurrencies-101.jpg","rating":100,"sections":[{"chapter_id":2,"order":1,"slug":"what-is-a-cryptocurrency","title":"What is a Cryptocurrency?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":2,"slug":"how-does-cryptocurrency-work","title":"How Does Cryptocurrency Work?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":3,"slug":"is-cryptocurrency-a-good-investment","title":"Is Cryptocurrency a Good Investment? The Pros & Cons","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":4,"slug":"coin-vs-token","title":"Coin VS Token: How Do They Differ?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":5,"slug":"what-are-stablecoins","title":"What are Stablecoins, Altcoins & Wrapped Coins?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":6,"slug":"what-is-a-bitcoin","title":"Bitcoin: the Pioneer of the Crypto World","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":7,"slug":"what-is-ethereum","title":"The Ultimate Blockchain for dApp Creation: Ethereum","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":8,"slug":"what-is-cardano-in-crypto","title":"What is Cardano and What is It Used For?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":9,"slug":"what-is-shiba-inu-coin","title":"Shiba Inu: the Dogecoin Killer","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":10,"slug":"what-is-solana-in-crypto","title":"Is Solana an Improved Version of Ethereum?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":11,"slug":"what-is-polkadot-in-crypto","title":"The Bridge Between Blockchains: Polkadot","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":12,"slug":"what-is-polygon-in-crypto","title":"Polygon: the Essential Scaling Solution for Ethereum","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":13,"slug":"what-is-luna-crypto","title":"The Bumpy Road of Terra (LUNA)","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":14,"slug":"what-is-fantom-crypto","title":"Is Fantom (FTM) Yet Another Ethereum Killer?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":15,"slug":"what-is-aave-crypto","title":"Aave: Crypto Lending Trailblazer","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":16,"slug":"what-is-algorand-crypto","title":"Did Algorand Truly Solve the Blockchain Trilemma?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":17,"slug":"what-is-olympus-dao","title":"Does Olympus DAO Have Anything to Do With Mythology?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":18,"slug":"what-is-avax","title":"Is Avalanche Network (AVAX) Rightfully Called the Future of DeFi?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":19,"slug":"what-is-monero-coin","title":"Monero: Where Cryptocurrency Meets Cryptography","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":20,"slug":"what-is-ripple-xrp","title":"Is Ripple \"it\" When it Comes to Cross-Border Transactions?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":21,"slug":"practical-use-of-cryptocurrencies","title":"The Practical Use of Crypto","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":3,"title":"Crypto Exchanges","slug":"crypto-exchanges","updated":null,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-crypto-exchanges.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/crypto-exchanges-101.jpg","rating":80,"sections":[{"chapter_id":3,"order":1,"slug":"how-do-cryptocurrency-exchanges-work","title":"How do Cryptocurrency Exchanges Work?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":3,"order":2,"slug":"dex-vs-cex","title":"DEX VS CEX: Two Sides of the Crypto Exchange Industry","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":3,"order":3,"slug":"crypto-day-trading","title":"Crypto Day Trading: The Difference Between Buying, Trading, and Swapping","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":3,"order":4,"slug":"kyc-crypto","title":"KYC & AML: The Key to Complying With Legal Industry Standards","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":3,"order":5,"slug":"how-to-buy-crypto","title":"From Fiat to Crypto: How to Buy Crypto for the First Time","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":3,"order":6,"slug":"fiat-to-crypto","title":"Taking Profits: Turning Crypto Into Fiat","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":3,"order":7,"slug":"how-to-use-crypto","title":"You\u2019ve Got Crypto: What Can You Do With It?","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":4,"title":"Crypto Wallets","slug":"crypto-wallets","updated":false,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-crypto-wallets.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/crypto-wallets-101.jpg","rating":80,"sections":[{"chapter_id":4,"order":1,"slug":"what-is-a-crypto-wallet","title":"What is a Crypto Wallet?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":4,"order":2,"slug":"hot-wallet-vs-cold-wallet","title":"Hot Wallet VS Cold Wallet: Which One to Pick?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":4,"order":3,"slug":"non-custodial-wallet","title":"What are Non-Custodial Crypto Wallets?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":4,"order":4,"slug":"what-is-metamask","title":"Metamask: The Leading Non-Custodial Wallet","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":4,"order":37,"slug":"how-safe-is-cryptocurrency","title":"The Key Crypto Wallet Safety Practices: How Safe Can Crypto Be?","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":5,"title":"NFTs","slug":"nfts","updated":null,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-nfts.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/nfts-101.jpg","rating":100,"sections":[{"chapter_id":5,"order":2,"slug":"how-to-trade-nfts","title":"NFT Trading: The Ins and Outs","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":5,"order":3,"slug":"buying-nft","title":"Tips and Tricks of Choosing the Right NFTs","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":5,"order":4,"slug":"how-to-store-nft","title":"How to Store NFTs: Best Practices","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":5,"order":5,"slug":"how-to-create-an-nft","title":"How to Create Your Own NFTs?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":5,"order":6,"slug":"how-to-make-passive-money-with-nft","title":"Making Passive Money with NFTs","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":6,"title":"dApps & Defi","slug":"dapps-and-defi","updated":true,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-dapps.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/dapps-defi-101.jpg","rating":80,"sections":[{"chapter_id":6,"order":1,"slug":"what-are-nfts","title":"What are Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":1,"slug":"what-is-defi","title":"What is Decentralized Finance (DeFi)?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":2,"slug":"what-is-defi-2-0","title":"DeFi 2.0: The New Version of Decentralized Finance","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":3,"slug":"what-are-dapps-in-crypto","title":"What Are dApps and How Do They Work?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":4,"slug":"defi-dapps","title":"Picking the Right dApps: Dos and Don'ts","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":5,"slug":"what-is-web-3-0","title":"Web 3.0: The Future of the Internet","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":6,"slug":"what-are-smart-contracts","title":"What is the Core Purpose of Smart Contracts?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":7,"slug":"what-is-a-dao-in-crypto","title":"The Notion of a Decentralized Autonomous Ogranization (DAO)","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":8,"slug":"what-is-staking-in-crypto","title":"What is the Goal of Staking Crypto Assets?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":9,"slug":"what-is-liquidity-pool-in-crypto","title":"What is a Liquidity Pool and How Does It Work?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":10,"slug":"what-is-automated-market-maker","title":"Automated Market Maker: the Cornerstone of the Decentralized Crypto Exchange Industry","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":11,"slug":"what-is-yield-farming-in-crypto","title":"The Main Yield Farming Techniques","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":12,"slug":"what-is-an-oracle-in-crypto","title":"Crypto Oracles: The Link Between Blockchain and Outside World Data","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":13,"slug":"crypto-gambling","title":"The Peculiarities of Decentralized Crypto Gambling","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":14,"slug":"what-is-the-metaverse","title":"Metaverse: A New Perception of Reality","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":7,"title":"Trading & Investing","slug":"trading-and-investing","updated":null,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-crypto-trading.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/crypto-trading-101.jpg","rating":80,"sections":[{"chapter_id":7,"order":1,"slug":"where-to-trade-crypto","title":"Where Can You Trade Cryptocurrencies?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":2,"slug":"how-to-invest-in-crypto","title":"Investing in Crypto: What Investing Options Do You Have?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":3,"slug":"ico-vs-ido","title":"ICO vs IDO vs IEO: Which One is the One?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":4,"slug":"what-is-an-airdrop","title":"What are Crypto Airdrops and How to Get Them?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":5,"slug":"how-to-get-free-crypto","title":"How to Get Free Crypto Assets?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":6,"slug":"how-to-arbitrage-crypto","title":"What is Crypto Arbitrage: The Main Principles","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":7,"slug":"what-is-a-perpetual-contract","title":"Perpetual Contracts: Futures Contracts Without an Expiration 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