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Crypto Terms:  Letter F

What is Formal Verification?

Meaning:
Formal Verification - a way of validating the properties of the blockchain protocols and cryptographic algorithms by employing mathematical proofs.
easy
1 minute

Let's find out Formal Verification meaning, definition in crypto, what is Formal Verification, and all other detailed facts.

Formal verification takes place when verifying certain features of blockchain mechanisms and cryptographic algorithms, by using mathematically valid proofs. In other words - checking the behavior of a system.

In contrast to manual security checks, formal verification evaluates the complete code and logically assures that your software only functions as planned.

cryptocurrency that is collaterally backed and algorithmically stabilized. Fractional stablecoin protocols may vary in their options for collateral backing, with some using <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-liquidity/">liquidity or partially allowing redemptions. However, the main principle is that the protocol never has more value to redeem than all the <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-stablecoin/">stablecoins that it mints.<\/p>\n<p>Stablecoins are blockchain-based digital assets that have their price value <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-pegged-currency/">pegged to a tangible asset, such as <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-fiat/">fiat currency<\/strong><\/a> or gold. Some stablecoins, like Tether (USDT), have the value of one coin pegged to $1.<\/p>\n<p>Stablecoins must have a <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-collateral/">collateral, which means they have to be backed by fiat cash, other cryptocurrencies, or blockchain-based tokens to ensure their legitimacy.<\/p>\n<p>Fractional stablecoins are <strong>backed in two ways<\/strong>. They are collaterally backed and algorithmically stabilized or modified. The collateralization ratio of fractional stablecoins is less than or equal to 100%. &nbsp;This means that <strong>the stablecoin is backed by a fraction of collateral <\/strong>compared to its overall worth.<\/p>\n<p>The use of fractional stablecoins can improve capital efficiency since they do not require as many dollars as collateral. The overall supply of fractional stablecoins is <strong>greater than their liquidity or collateral backing<\/strong>. Fractional stablecoins are developed to include algorithmic mechanisms that stop bank runs via various economic incentives.<\/p>\n<p>If the price of a fractional stablecoin goes above $1, algorithmic systems automatically create as many new stablecoins as needed until the price <strong>falls back down to $1<\/strong>. On the other end of the scale, if the price falls below $1 and the stablecoin is considered overcollateralized, the algorithm <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-burning/">burns the excess coins.<\/p>\n<p>Fractional stablecoins are preferred over <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-algorithmic-stablecoin/">algorithmic stablecoins<\/strong><\/strong><\/a> because the latter can be hard to bootstrap, don&rsquo;t grow as quickly, and are significantly more volatile. The <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-volatility/">volatility is a <strong>particularly significant downside<\/strong> as stablecoins aim to have low volatility by default.<\/p>\n<p>Instead, fractional stablecoins only rely on algorithms that adjust the collateral and maintain the pegged value by either creating or burning the coins or tokens as necessary.<\/p>","definition":"a stablecoin that is collaterally-backed and partially algorithmically stabilized.","status":"published","meta_title":"What is Fractional Stablecoin? Definition & Meaning | Crypto Wiki","meta_description":"Fractional Stablecoin meaning: Fractional Stablecoin - a stablecoin that is collaterally-backed and partially algorithmically stabilized.","meta_keywords":null}" :prev-section="{"id":364,"wikipedia_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fork_(software_development)","level":"medium","author_id":1,"created_at":"2023-06-19T06:58:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-12-06T04:14:26.000000Z","slug":"what-is-fork-software","title":"What is Fork (Software)?","section":"F","keyword":"Fork (Software)","content":"<p>In the context of software development, <strong>forking<\/strong> refers to the <strong>development of a brand new project or program using the source code from another software<\/strong>. This creates a new software path by splitting it into different versions, i.e., creating forks. Forking is common among open-source software development communities.<\/p>\n<p>The source code of one program can be used to develop several forks as different developers follow their own directions to improve the source project or aim to replace it altogether.<\/p>\n<p>Developers can use an <strong><a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-open-source/">open-source <\/strong>code or the legal copy of a code from a software package to start the process of working on a new program. The use of open-source code ensures the legality of the process.<\/p>\n<p>Developers using an <strong>open-source<\/strong> code <strong>do not breach any copyright laws<\/strong> and are <strong>not required to get permission<\/strong> to fork the software from the distributors or initial developers. The software developed as the fork is released to the community. It typically acts as an improved version of the source software and may provide more benefits to the users.<\/p>\n<p>Some fork projects <strong>may lead to conflict within the developer community<\/strong> due to differing views. The clash can then transfer into the overall community, with users choosing to use or boycott certain forks. In some cases, the community splits are amicable. However, it isn&rsquo;t uncommon for developers to garner resentment.<\/p>\n<p>If the fork projects become increasingly competitive, developers may choose to close the code and prevent it from being shared. This can lead to issues related to ownership, copyright, legality, and legitimacy. Competing developers may envision different project directions.<\/p>\n<p>Some developers are granted permission to use <strong>proprietary software<\/strong> for forking. Such software must be <strong>licensed by the copyright owners<\/strong> who maintain the exclusive legal rights to the project. Developers must have explicit permission from the copyright owners to create a fork that serves as a new, updated version of the software.<\/p>","definition":"the development of a new program using the source code.","status":"published","meta_title":"What is Fork (Software)? Definition & Meaning | Crypto Wiki","meta_description":"Fork (Software) meaning: Fork (Software) - the development of a new program using the source code.","meta_keywords":null}" :model="{"id":983,"wikipedia_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cryptographic_protocol#Formal_verification","level":"easy","author_id":1,"created_at":"2023-06-19T06:59:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-12-06T02:38:27.000000Z","slug":"what-is-formal-verification","title":"What is Formal Verification?","section":"F","keyword":"Formal Verification","content":"<p>Formal verification takes place when verifying certain features of blockchain mechanisms and cryptographic algorithms, by using mathematically valid proofs. In other words - <strong>checking the behavior of a system.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In contrast to manual security checks, formal verification evaluates the complete code and logically assures that your software only functions as planned.<\/p>","definition":"a way of validating the properties of the blockchain protocols and cryptographic algorithms by employing mathematical proofs.","status":"published","meta_title":"What is Formal Verification? 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He&rsquo;s a passionate analyst who is concerned with data-driven and fact-based content, as well as that which speaks to both Web3 natives and industry newcomers.<\/p>\n<p>Aaron is the go-to person for everything and anything related to digital currencies. With a huge passion for blockchain &amp; Web3 education, Aaron strives to transform the space as we know it, and make it more approachable to complete beginners.<\/p>\n<p>Aaron has been quoted by multiple established outlets, and is a published author himself. Even during his free time, he enjoys researching the market trends, and looking for the next supernova.<\/p>","user":{"id":1,"first_name":"Aaron","last_name":"S.","email":"aaron@bitdegree.org","email_sanitized":"aaron@bitdegree.org","email_verified_at":"2023-12-01T09:40:20.000000Z","must_verify_email":false,"is_registered_with_wallet":false,"status":"active","country":"LT","last_connected_ip":"88.119.132.125","image_id":2641,"referral_token":"05TMu2NysXOCn525","referred_by":null,"created_at":"2023-05-03T14:30:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-01-09T15:22:21.000000Z","full_name":"Aaron S."}}}" :chapter-list="[{"id":1,"title":"Blockchain","slug":"blockchain","updated":null,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-blockchain.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/blockchain-101.jpg","rating":100,"sections":[{"chapter_id":1,"order":1,"slug":"what-is-blockchain","title":"What is the Blockchain?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":1,"order":2,"slug":"decentralized-blockchain","title":"Anonymous & Decentralized Blockchains: The Cornerstone of Crypto","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":1,"order":3,"slug":"blockchain-transaction","title":"What is a Blockchain Transaction in Crypto?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":1,"order":4,"slug":"crypto-fees","title":"The Different Types of Crypto Fees Explained","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":1,"order":5,"slug":"what-is-bridging-in-crypto","title":"The Key Notion Behind the Concept of Bridging in Crypto","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":1,"order":6,"slug":"types-of-blockchains","title":"Different Types of Blockchains: What to Look Out For?","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":2,"title":"Cryptocurrencies","slug":"cryptocurrencies","updated":null,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-cryptocurrencies.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/cryptocurrencies-101.jpg","rating":100,"sections":[{"chapter_id":2,"order":1,"slug":"what-is-a-cryptocurrency","title":"What is a Cryptocurrency?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":2,"slug":"how-does-cryptocurrency-work","title":"How Does Cryptocurrency Work?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":3,"slug":"is-cryptocurrency-a-good-investment","title":"Is Cryptocurrency a Good Investment? The Pros & Cons","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":4,"slug":"coin-vs-token","title":"Coin VS Token: How Do They Differ?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":5,"slug":"what-are-stablecoins","title":"What are Stablecoins, Altcoins & Wrapped Coins?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":6,"slug":"what-is-a-bitcoin","title":"Bitcoin: the Pioneer of the Crypto World","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":7,"slug":"what-is-ethereum","title":"The Ultimate Blockchain for dApp Creation: Ethereum","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":8,"slug":"what-is-cardano-in-crypto","title":"What is Cardano and What is It Used For?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":9,"slug":"what-is-shiba-inu-coin","title":"Shiba Inu: the Dogecoin Killer","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":10,"slug":"what-is-solana-in-crypto","title":"Is Solana an Improved Version of Ethereum?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":11,"slug":"what-is-polkadot-in-crypto","title":"The Bridge Between Blockchains: Polkadot","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":12,"slug":"what-is-polygon-in-crypto","title":"Polygon: the Essential Scaling Solution for Ethereum","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":13,"slug":"what-is-luna-crypto","title":"The Bumpy Road of Terra (LUNA)","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":14,"slug":"what-is-fantom-crypto","title":"Is Fantom (FTM) Yet Another Ethereum Killer?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":15,"slug":"what-is-aave-crypto","title":"Aave: Crypto Lending Trailblazer","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":16,"slug":"what-is-algorand-crypto","title":"Did Algorand Truly Solve the Blockchain Trilemma?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":17,"slug":"what-is-olympus-dao","title":"Does Olympus DAO Have Anything to Do With Mythology?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":18,"slug":"what-is-avax","title":"Is Avalanche Network (AVAX) Rightfully Called the Future of DeFi?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":19,"slug":"what-is-monero-coin","title":"Monero: Where Cryptocurrency Meets Cryptography","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":20,"slug":"what-is-ripple-xrp","title":"Is Ripple \"it\" When it Comes to Cross-Border Transactions?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":21,"slug":"practical-use-of-cryptocurrencies","title":"The Practical Use of Crypto","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":3,"title":"Crypto Exchanges","slug":"crypto-exchanges","updated":null,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-crypto-exchanges.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/crypto-exchanges-101.jpg","rating":80,"sections":[{"chapter_id":3,"order":1,"slug":"how-do-cryptocurrency-exchanges-work","title":"How do Cryptocurrency Exchanges Work?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":3,"order":2,"slug":"dex-vs-cex","title":"DEX VS CEX: Two Sides of the Crypto Exchange Industry","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":3,"order":3,"slug":"crypto-day-trading","title":"Crypto Day Trading: The Difference Between Buying, Trading, and Swapping","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":3,"order":4,"slug":"kyc-crypto","title":"KYC & AML: The Key to Complying With Legal Industry Standards","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":3,"order":5,"slug":"how-to-buy-crypto","title":"From Fiat to Crypto: How to Buy Crypto for the First Time","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":3,"order":6,"slug":"fiat-to-crypto","title":"Taking Profits: Turning Crypto Into Fiat","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":3,"order":7,"slug":"how-to-use-crypto","title":"You\u2019ve Got Crypto: What Can You Do With It?","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":4,"title":"Crypto Wallets","slug":"crypto-wallets","updated":false,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-crypto-wallets.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/crypto-wallets-101.jpg","rating":80,"sections":[{"chapter_id":4,"order":1,"slug":"what-is-a-crypto-wallet","title":"What is a Crypto Wallet?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":4,"order":2,"slug":"hot-wallet-vs-cold-wallet","title":"Hot Wallet VS Cold Wallet: Which One to Pick?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":4,"order":3,"slug":"non-custodial-wallet","title":"What are Non-Custodial Crypto Wallets?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":4,"order":4,"slug":"what-is-metamask","title":"Metamask: The Leading Non-Custodial Wallet","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":4,"order":37,"slug":"how-safe-is-cryptocurrency","title":"The Key Crypto Wallet Safety Practices: How Safe Can Crypto Be?","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":5,"title":"NFTs","slug":"nfts","updated":null,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-nfts.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/nfts-101.jpg","rating":100,"sections":[{"chapter_id":5,"order":2,"slug":"how-to-trade-nfts","title":"NFT Trading: The Ins and Outs","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":5,"order":3,"slug":"buying-nft","title":"Tips and Tricks of Choosing the Right NFTs","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":5,"order":4,"slug":"how-to-store-nft","title":"How to Store NFTs: Best Practices","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":5,"order":5,"slug":"how-to-create-an-nft","title":"How to Create Your Own NFTs?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":5,"order":6,"slug":"how-to-make-passive-money-with-nft","title":"Making Passive Money with NFTs","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":6,"title":"dApps & Defi","slug":"dapps-and-defi","updated":true,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-dapps.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/dapps-defi-101.jpg","rating":80,"sections":[{"chapter_id":6,"order":1,"slug":"what-are-nfts","title":"What are Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":1,"slug":"what-is-defi","title":"What is Decentralized Finance (DeFi)?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":2,"slug":"what-is-defi-2-0","title":"DeFi 2.0: The New Version of Decentralized Finance","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":3,"slug":"what-are-dapps-in-crypto","title":"What Are dApps and How Do They Work?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":4,"slug":"defi-dapps","title":"Picking the Right dApps: Dos and Don'ts","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":5,"slug":"what-is-web-3-0","title":"Web 3.0: The Future of the Internet","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":6,"slug":"what-are-smart-contracts","title":"What is the Core Purpose of Smart Contracts?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":7,"slug":"what-is-a-dao-in-crypto","title":"The Notion of a Decentralized Autonomous Ogranization (DAO)","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":8,"slug":"what-is-staking-in-crypto","title":"What is the Goal of Staking Crypto Assets?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":9,"slug":"what-is-liquidity-pool-in-crypto","title":"What is a Liquidity Pool and How Does It Work?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":10,"slug":"what-is-automated-market-maker","title":"Automated Market Maker: the Cornerstone of the Decentralized Crypto Exchange Industry","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":11,"slug":"what-is-yield-farming-in-crypto","title":"The Main Yield Farming Techniques","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":12,"slug":"what-is-an-oracle-in-crypto","title":"Crypto Oracles: The Link Between Blockchain and Outside World Data","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":13,"slug":"crypto-gambling","title":"The Peculiarities of Decentralized Crypto Gambling","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":14,"slug":"what-is-the-metaverse","title":"Metaverse: A New Perception of Reality","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":7,"title":"Trading & Investing","slug":"trading-and-investing","updated":null,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-crypto-trading.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/crypto-trading-101.jpg","rating":80,"sections":[{"chapter_id":7,"order":1,"slug":"where-to-trade-crypto","title":"Where Can You Trade Cryptocurrencies?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":2,"slug":"how-to-invest-in-crypto","title":"Investing in Crypto: What Investing Options Do You Have?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":3,"slug":"ico-vs-ido","title":"ICO vs IDO vs IEO: Which One is the One?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":4,"slug":"what-is-an-airdrop","title":"What are Crypto Airdrops and How to Get Them?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":5,"slug":"how-to-get-free-crypto","title":"How to Get Free Crypto Assets?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":6,"slug":"how-to-arbitrage-crypto","title":"What is Crypto Arbitrage: The Main Principles","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":7,"slug":"what-is-a-perpetual-contract","title":"Perpetual Contracts: Futures Contracts Without an Expiration Date","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":8,"slug":"what-is-fud","title":"What is FUD: How to Use It to Your Advantage While Investing in Crypto?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":9,"slug":"investing-in-cryptocurrency","title":"Investing in Cryptocurrency: How to Manage Your Risks?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":10,"slug":"what-is-a-rug-pull-in-crypto","title":"What is a Rug Pull in Crypto?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":11,"slug":"how-to-avoid-rug-pulls-in-crypto","title":"How to Spot and Avoid Rug Pulls?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":12,"slug":"how-to-avoid-crypto-taxes","title":"The Key Legal Techniques of Avoiding Crypto Taxes","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":8,"title":"Crypto Analysis","slug":"crypto-analysis","updated":null,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-crypto-analysis.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/crypto-analysis-101.jpg","rating":100,"sections":[{"chapter_id":8,"order":1,"slug":"what-is-bullish-and-bearish","title":"Bearish and Bullish Markets: Do They Matter?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":8,"order":2,"slug":"best-technical-analysis-indicators-for-crypto","title":"5 Best Crypto Technical Analysis Indicators You Must Know About","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":8,"order":3,"slug":"what-is-candlesticks","title":"Technical Analysis: What are Candlesticks, Trendlines, and Patterns?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":8,"order":4,"slug":"how-to-track-new-crypto-coins","title":"Crypto Tracking: How to Track Your Favorite Coins & Tokens?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":8,"order":5,"slug":"how-to-research-crypto","title":"Crypto Research Fundamentals & Social Signals: Your Daily Trading Strategy","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":8,"order":46,"slug":"portfolio-diversification-definition","title":"Portfolio Diversification: The Whats, the Whys, and the Hows","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":9,"title":"Mining","slug":"mining","updated":false,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-crypto-mining.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/crypto-mining-101.jpg","rating":80,"sections":[{"chapter_id":9,"order":1,"slug":"what-is-crypto-mining","title":"Crypto Mining: What It is and How Does It Work?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":9,"order":2,"slug":"what-is-a-mining-pool","title":"Mining Pools: Is Collective Mining Better Than Solo Mining?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":9,"order":3,"slug":"what-is-staking-crypto","title":"An Advanced Look into What is Staking Crypto","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":9,"order":4,"slug":"what-is-proof-of-stake-vs-proof-of-work","title":"Proof-of-Work VS Proof-of-Stake: The Differences That Matter","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":9,"order":5,"slug":"what-is-crypto-mining-rig","title":"Crypto Mining Rig: What It is and How to Build One?","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":10,"title":"Crypto Terms","updated":false,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/crypto-101-glossary.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/crypto-glossary-101.jpg","rating":100,"sections":["A","B","C","D","E","F","G","H","I","J","K","L","M","N","O","P","Q","R","S","T","U","V","W","X","Y","Z"]}]" current-chapter="F" current-section="what-is-formal-verification">