What is ERC-777?
Let's find out ERC-777 meaning, definition in crypto, what is ERC-777, and all other detailed facts.
ERC-777 is a token standard that allows producing tokens on the Ethereum blockchain, similar to the ERC-20 token standard. However, it makes complex token trading possible and helps clear up any confusion over various processes like minting and burning. This standard transforms current fungible token models and offers a safer and more effective approach to carry out the token exchange.
Even though ERC-777 ontracts interact in the same manner ERC-20 contracts do, the distinctive feature of the former is a hook mechanism. It simplifies the exchange of tokens between accounts and contracts. The hook mechanism is enabled once the tokens get sent to a computer-based analytical contract.
Besides that, the ERC-777 token standard has many more advantages. For starters, it allows anyone to add new capabilities to tokens. For example, you can add an emergency recovery mechanism that would assist you if you were to misplace your private keys.
Another advantage of ERC-777 is the "tokensReceived" code, which is included in a contract. It is activated when tokens are received. The code helps to avoid the duplicate call that occurs with the ERC-20 token standard when only the ERC-20 token owner is changed during the asset transfer from one smart contract to another.
Additionally, the ERC-777 uses the brand-new ERC-820 standard. It makes it possible to register meta-data for contracts, facilitating a fundamental type of introspection. In addition to expanding capabilities, this makes it possible for backward compatibility.
Moving further, the token standard has a new transfer function. Any identification info can be added to the transfer in a field called "bytes." It is then used to instantly alert the recipient contract when a transfer gets completed.
Now, even though the early security issues of ERC-777 have been fixed, it can still have some limitations like any other token.
For instance, since it is possible to send ERC-777 tokens to any Ethereum address, you can essentially transfer them to contracts that do not support them, completely locking them in. And, even if the tokens can be mannualy moved, it is very hard to identify who sent the tokens back and from where.
If you're curious where to get tokens based on the ERC-777 standard, you can acquire them on most popular exchanges like Binance or Bybit. For instance, Bancor (BNT), MakerDAO (MKR), or Loopring (LRC) are all based on this standard.
Both ERC-827 and ERC-223 deal with the same functionality issue of ERC-20 and allow users to transfer tokens and data to <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-smart-contract/">smart contracts<\/strong><\/a>. This helps prevent the loss of tokens that are accidentally transferred to smart contracts instead of <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-wallet/">cryptocurrency wallets<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>ERC-827 was utilized by Zeppelin in its <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-open-source/">open-source contracts, giving it more exposure than ERC-223.<\/p>\n<p>The ERC-827 standard can be explained via the concept of a digital shopping cart. The customer places any desired items in the shopping cart. However, they cannot pay for the items without a sufficient amount of tokens in their wallet. <\/p>\n<p>If someone transfers the customer tokens, the transaction data triggers a function within the smart contracts that checks whether the customer has enough balance in their wallet to pay for the items in the cart.<\/p>\n<p>ERC-827 improves some of the flaws of ERC-20 while maintaining full compatibility with the older standard. It is likely that ERC-827 will be more widely adopted due to its advantages over ERC-20 and ERC-223. The adoption of ERC-827 would allow users to retain their ERC-20 tokens while also utilizing the improved functionalities of the new standard.<\/p>","definition":"an Ethereum-based token standard that implements calls in transfers and approvals.","status":"published","meta_title":"What is ERC-827? Definition & Meaning | Crypto Wiki","meta_description":"ERC-827 meaning: ERC-827 - an Ethereum-based token standard that implements calls in transfers and approvals.","meta_keywords":null}" :prev-section="{"id":315,"wikipedia_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Non-fungible_token#Standards_in_blockchains","level":"easy","author_id":1,"created_at":"2023-06-19T06:58:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-12-01T05:12:42.000000Z","slug":"what-is-erc-721","title":"What is ERC-721?","section":"E","keyword":"ERC-721","content":"<p>ERC-721 is different from <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-erc-20/">ERC-20 in the sense that <strong>ERC-721 tokens are<\/strong> <strong>non-fungible<\/strong>. <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-non-fungible-token-nft/">NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are tokens that have different features setting them apart from one another.<\/p>\n<p>For example, a $20 banknote is fungible. This is the case because you can give one of these banknotes to someone, and there is no need for you to get the same one back, because they are all the same. A non-fungible example might be a concert ticket. Even though the two tickets appear to be identical, the places they provide might be completely different. As a result, they cannot be switched.<\/p>\n<p>In the Ethereum community, there is a strong belief that ERC-721 might have a variety of intriguing use cases that go far beyond collecting <strong>CryptoKitties<\/strong>, which made this asset class popular.<\/p>\n<p>A number of competing blockchains, including Binance Smart Chain, have also established <strong>token specifications that are comparable to ERC-721<\/strong>. These tokens aid in bringing the idea to the blockchain, making sure that sensitive information about the asset can be immortalized.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, NFTs can also be used to provide a <strong>digital version of one-of-a-kind masterpieces<\/strong>. Ownership of these pieces can easily be proven via blockchain records. Thus, this can become a great tool to reduce counterfeiting.<\/p>","definition":"a token standard for non-fungible tokens based on Ethereum.","status":"published","meta_title":"What is ERC-721? Definition & Meaning | Crypto Wiki","meta_description":"ERC-721 meaning: ERC-721 - is a token standard for non-fungible tokens based on Ethereum.","meta_keywords":null}" :model="{"id":316,"wikipedia_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethereum","level":"medium","author_id":1,"created_at":"2023-06-19T06:58:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-12-01T07:14:47.000000Z","slug":"what-is-erc-777","title":"What is ERC-777?","section":"E","keyword":"ERC-777","content":"<p>ERC-777 is a token standard that allows producing tokens on the Ethereum blockchain, similar to the <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-erc-20/">ERC-20 token standard. However, it <strong>makes complex token trading possible<\/strong> and helps clear up any confusion over various processes like <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-minting/">minting and <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-burning/">burning. This standard transforms current fungible token models and offers a safer and more effective approach to carry out the token exchange.<\/p>\n<p>Even though ERC-777 ontracts interact in the same manner ERC-20 contracts do, the distinctive feature of the former is a <strong>hook mechanism<\/strong>. It simplifies the exchange of tokens between accounts and contracts. The hook mechanism is enabled once the tokens get sent to a computer-based analytical contract.<\/p>\n<p>Besides that, the ERC-777 token standard has many more advantages. For starters, it allows anyone to <strong>add new capabilities to tokens<\/strong>. For example, you can add an emergency recovery mechanism that would assist you if you were to misplace your <strong><a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-private-key-secret-key/">private keys<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Another advantage of ERC-777 is the \"<strong>tokensReceived<\/strong>\" code, which is included in a contract. It is activated when tokens are received. The code helps to avoid the duplicate call that occurs with the <strong>ERC-20<\/strong> token standard when only the ERC-20 token owner is changed during the asset transfer from one <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-smart-contract/">smart contract<\/strong><\/a> to another.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, the ERC-777 uses the brand-new <strong>ERC-820 standard<\/strong>. It makes it possible to register meta-data for contracts, facilitating a fundamental type of introspection. In addition to expanding capabilities, this makes it possible for <strong>backward compatibility<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Moving further, the token standard has a <strong>new transfer function<\/strong>. Any identification info can be added to the transfer in a field called \"bytes.\" It is then used to instantly alert the recipient contract when a transfer gets completed.<\/p>\n<p>Now, even though the early security issues of ERC-777 have been fixed, it can still have some limitations like any other token.<\/p>\n<p>For instance, since it is possible to send ERC-777 tokens to any Ethereum address, you can essentially transfer them to contracts that do not support them, completely locking them in. And, even if the tokens can be mannualy moved, it is very hard to identify who sent the tokens back and from where.<\/p>\n<p>If you're curious <strong>where to get tokens based on the ERC-777<\/strong> standard, you can acquire them on most popular exchanges like <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//goon//binance/" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noindex noopener\"><strong>Binance<\/strong><\/a> or <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//goon//bybit/" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noindex noopener\"><strong>Bybit<\/strong><\/a>. For instance, <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"https:////www.bitdegree.org//crypto//buy-bancor-bnt/">Bancor (BNT)<\/strong><\/a>, <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"https:////www.bitdegree.org//cryptocurrency-prices//maker-mkr-price/">MakerDAO (MKR)<\/strong><\/a>, or <strong><a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"https:////www.bitdegree.org//crypto//buy-loopring-lrc/">Loopring (LRC)<\/a><\/strong> are all based on this standard.<\/p>","definition":"a token standard for producing fungible tokens on the Ethereum network, which allows a novel token contract interaction method that is backward compatible.","status":"published","meta_title":"What is ERC-777? Definition & Meaning | Crypto Wiki","meta_description":"ERC-777 meaning: ERC-777 - a token standard for producing fungible tokens on the Ethereum network, which allows a novel token contract interaction method that is backward compatible.","meta_keywords":null,"author":{"id":1,"user_id":1,"created_at":"2023-05-03T14:30:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-05-11T07:18:20.000000Z","title":"Editor-In-Chief","slug":"aaron-s-editor-in-chief","description":"<p>Having completed a Master’s degree on Economics, Politics & Culture for the East Asia region, Aaron has written scientific papers with a comparative analysis of the differences between US’ Western and Japan’s Collective forms of capitalism, 1945-2020.<\/p>\n<p>With close to a decade of experience in the FinTech industry, Aaron understands all of the biggest issues and struggles that crypto enthusiasts face. He’s a passionate analyst who is concerned with data-driven and fact-based content, as well as that which speaks to both Web3 natives and industry newcomers.<\/p>\n<p>Aaron is the go-to person for everything and anything related to digital currencies. With a huge passion for blockchain & Web3 education, Aaron strives to transform the space as we know it, and make it more approachable to complete beginners.<\/p>\n<p>Aaron has been quoted by multiple established outlets, and is a published author himself. Even during his free time, he enjoys researching the market trends, and looking for the next supernova.<\/p>","user":{"id":1,"first_name":"Aaron","last_name":"S.","email":"aaron@bitdegree.org","email_sanitized":"aaron@bitdegree.org","email_verified_at":"2023-12-01T09:40:20.000000Z","must_verify_email":false,"is_registered_with_wallet":false,"status":"active","country":"LT","last_connected_ip":"88.119.132.125","image_id":2641,"referral_token":"05TMu2NysXOCn525","referred_by":null,"created_at":"2023-05-03T14:30:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-01-09T15:22:21.000000Z","full_name":"Aaron S."}}}" :chapter-list="[{"id":1,"title":"Blockchain","slug":"blockchain","updated":null,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-blockchain.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/blockchain-101.jpg","rating":100,"sections":[{"chapter_id":1,"order":1,"slug":"what-is-blockchain","title":"What is the Blockchain?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":1,"order":2,"slug":"decentralized-blockchain","title":"Anonymous & Decentralized Blockchains: The Cornerstone of Crypto","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":1,"order":3,"slug":"blockchain-transaction","title":"What is a Blockchain Transaction in Crypto?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":1,"order":4,"slug":"crypto-fees","title":"The Different Types of Crypto Fees Explained","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":1,"order":5,"slug":"what-is-bridging-in-crypto","title":"The Key Notion Behind the Concept of Bridging in Crypto","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":1,"order":6,"slug":"types-of-blockchains","title":"Different Types of Blockchains: What to Look Out For?","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":2,"title":"Cryptocurrencies","slug":"cryptocurrencies","updated":null,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-cryptocurrencies.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/cryptocurrencies-101.jpg","rating":100,"sections":[{"chapter_id":2,"order":1,"slug":"what-is-a-cryptocurrency","title":"What is a Cryptocurrency?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":2,"slug":"how-does-cryptocurrency-work","title":"How Does Cryptocurrency Work?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":3,"slug":"is-cryptocurrency-a-good-investment","title":"Is Cryptocurrency a Good Investment? The Pros & Cons","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":4,"slug":"coin-vs-token","title":"Coin VS Token: How Do They Differ?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":5,"slug":"what-are-stablecoins","title":"What are Stablecoins, Altcoins & Wrapped Coins?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":6,"slug":"what-is-a-bitcoin","title":"Bitcoin: the Pioneer of the Crypto World","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":7,"slug":"what-is-ethereum","title":"The Ultimate Blockchain for dApp Creation: Ethereum","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":8,"slug":"what-is-cardano-in-crypto","title":"What is Cardano and What is It Used For?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":9,"slug":"what-is-shiba-inu-coin","title":"Shiba Inu: the Dogecoin Killer","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":10,"slug":"what-is-solana-in-crypto","title":"Is Solana an Improved Version of Ethereum?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":11,"slug":"what-is-polkadot-in-crypto","title":"The Bridge Between Blockchains: Polkadot","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":12,"slug":"what-is-polygon-in-crypto","title":"Polygon: the Essential Scaling Solution for Ethereum","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":13,"slug":"what-is-luna-crypto","title":"The Bumpy Road of Terra (LUNA)","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":14,"slug":"what-is-fantom-crypto","title":"Is Fantom (FTM) Yet Another Ethereum Killer?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":15,"slug":"what-is-aave-crypto","title":"Aave: Crypto Lending Trailblazer","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":16,"slug":"what-is-algorand-crypto","title":"Did Algorand Truly Solve the Blockchain Trilemma?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":17,"slug":"what-is-olympus-dao","title":"Does Olympus DAO Have Anything to Do With Mythology?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":18,"slug":"what-is-avax","title":"Is Avalanche Network (AVAX) Rightfully Called the Future of DeFi?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":19,"slug":"what-is-monero-coin","title":"Monero: Where Cryptocurrency Meets Cryptography","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":20,"slug":"what-is-ripple-xrp","title":"Is Ripple \"it\" When it Comes to Cross-Border Transactions?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":21,"slug":"practical-use-of-cryptocurrencies","title":"The Practical Use of Crypto","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":3,"title":"Crypto Exchanges","slug":"crypto-exchanges","updated":null,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-crypto-exchanges.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/crypto-exchanges-101.jpg","rating":80,"sections":[{"chapter_id":3,"order":1,"slug":"how-do-cryptocurrency-exchanges-work","title":"How do Cryptocurrency Exchanges Work?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":3,"order":2,"slug":"dex-vs-cex","title":"DEX VS CEX: Two Sides of the Crypto Exchange Industry","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":3,"order":3,"slug":"crypto-day-trading","title":"Crypto Day Trading: The Difference Between Buying, Trading, and Swapping","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":3,"order":4,"slug":"kyc-crypto","title":"KYC & AML: The Key to Complying With Legal Industry Standards","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":3,"order":5,"slug":"how-to-buy-crypto","title":"From Fiat to Crypto: How to Buy Crypto for the First Time","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":3,"order":6,"slug":"fiat-to-crypto","title":"Taking Profits: Turning Crypto Into Fiat","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":3,"order":7,"slug":"how-to-use-crypto","title":"You\u2019ve Got Crypto: What Can You Do With It?","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":4,"title":"Crypto Wallets","slug":"crypto-wallets","updated":false,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-crypto-wallets.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/crypto-wallets-101.jpg","rating":80,"sections":[{"chapter_id":4,"order":1,"slug":"what-is-a-crypto-wallet","title":"What is a Crypto Wallet?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":4,"order":2,"slug":"hot-wallet-vs-cold-wallet","title":"Hot Wallet VS Cold Wallet: Which One to Pick?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":4,"order":3,"slug":"non-custodial-wallet","title":"What are Non-Custodial Crypto Wallets?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":4,"order":4,"slug":"what-is-metamask","title":"Metamask: The Leading Non-Custodial Wallet","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":4,"order":37,"slug":"how-safe-is-cryptocurrency","title":"The Key Crypto Wallet Safety Practices: How Safe Can Crypto Be?","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":5,"title":"NFTs","slug":"nfts","updated":null,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-nfts.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/nfts-101.jpg","rating":100,"sections":[{"chapter_id":5,"order":2,"slug":"how-to-trade-nfts","title":"NFT Trading: The Ins and Outs","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":5,"order":3,"slug":"buying-nft","title":"Tips and Tricks of Choosing the Right NFTs","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":5,"order":4,"slug":"how-to-store-nft","title":"How to Store NFTs: Best Practices","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":5,"order":5,"slug":"how-to-create-an-nft","title":"How to Create Your Own NFTs?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":5,"order":6,"slug":"how-to-make-passive-money-with-nft","title":"Making Passive Money with NFTs","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":6,"title":"dApps & Defi","slug":"dapps-and-defi","updated":true,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-dapps.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/dapps-defi-101.jpg","rating":80,"sections":[{"chapter_id":6,"order":1,"slug":"what-are-nfts","title":"What are Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":1,"slug":"what-is-defi","title":"What is Decentralized Finance (DeFi)?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":2,"slug":"what-is-defi-2-0","title":"DeFi 2.0: The New Version of Decentralized Finance","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":3,"slug":"what-are-dapps-in-crypto","title":"What Are dApps and How Do They Work?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":4,"slug":"defi-dapps","title":"Picking the Right dApps: Dos and Don'ts","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":5,"slug":"what-is-web-3-0","title":"Web 3.0: The Future of the Internet","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":6,"slug":"what-are-smart-contracts","title":"What is the Core Purpose of Smart Contracts?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":7,"slug":"what-is-a-dao-in-crypto","title":"The Notion of a Decentralized Autonomous Ogranization (DAO)","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":8,"slug":"what-is-staking-in-crypto","title":"What is the Goal of Staking Crypto Assets?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":9,"slug":"what-is-liquidity-pool-in-crypto","title":"What is a Liquidity Pool and How Does It Work?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":10,"slug":"what-is-automated-market-maker","title":"Automated Market Maker: the Cornerstone of the Decentralized Crypto Exchange Industry","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":11,"slug":"what-is-yield-farming-in-crypto","title":"The Main Yield Farming Techniques","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":12,"slug":"what-is-an-oracle-in-crypto","title":"Crypto Oracles: The Link Between Blockchain and Outside World Data","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":13,"slug":"crypto-gambling","title":"The Peculiarities of Decentralized Crypto Gambling","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":6,"order":14,"slug":"what-is-the-metaverse","title":"Metaverse: A New Perception of Reality","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":7,"title":"Trading & Investing","slug":"trading-and-investing","updated":null,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-crypto-trading.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/crypto-trading-101.jpg","rating":80,"sections":[{"chapter_id":7,"order":1,"slug":"where-to-trade-crypto","title":"Where Can You Trade Cryptocurrencies?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":2,"slug":"how-to-invest-in-crypto","title":"Investing in Crypto: What Investing Options Do You Have?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":3,"slug":"ico-vs-ido","title":"ICO vs IDO vs IEO: Which One is the One?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":4,"slug":"what-is-an-airdrop","title":"What are Crypto Airdrops and How to Get Them?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":5,"slug":"how-to-get-free-crypto","title":"How to Get Free Crypto Assets?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":6,"slug":"how-to-arbitrage-crypto","title":"What is Crypto Arbitrage: The Main Principles","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":7,"order":7,"slug":"what-is-a-perpetual-contract","title":"Perpetual Contracts: Futures Contracts Without an Expiration 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