What is Cipher?
Let's find out Cipher meaning, definition in crypto, what is Cipher, and all other detailed facts.
A Cipher is a tool used for information exchange without a third party being able to interfere or breach the privacy of said information. Cipher is a prominent concept in cryptography, the science of secure communication techniques.
Cipher takes the initial text of the message, or plaintext, and transforms it into ciphertext, which is coded to then be safely transmitted to the receiver. The receiver must be in possession of a key that helps decipher the ciphertext back into the original message.
The sender and the receiver determine the key prior to the communication. Ciphers should be able to create a ciphertext that is nearly or completely impossible to crack without knowing the key.
Prior to the development of digital technology, ciphers were done using pen and paper. There are numerous methods of manually encrypting a message without the use of a computer. They are known as classical ciphers and can be categorized into substitution and transposition ciphers.
The mid-20th century saw many developments in the field of cryptanalysis that led to the classical ciphers becoming easy to decrypt. One of the best-known examples of early electromechanical encryption devices was the Enigma machine. It played an important role in World War II up until the development of the British decryption device which cracked the Enigma.
Developments in computer science over the course of the 20th century led to the creation of new cryptography ciphers that are heavily computational. Such ciphers can only be cracked using computers.
Cryptocurrencies as a project were heavily popular among cryptography enthusiasts, known as cypherpunks. The security of cryptocurrencies is reinforced by the continuous use of cryptographic algorithms in blockchain networks.
Ciphertext contains the original plaintext. During the process of encryption, the plaintext is turned unreadable to any person or device that does not possess the <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-decryption/">decryption key to turn it back into the original plaintext.<\/p>\n<p>The cipher used to create a ciphertext is an algorithm. The ciphertext is the output of applying the encryption algorithm.<\/p>\n<p>Prior to the development of electromechanical devices and <strong>computer prototypes<\/strong>, cipher algorithms were done by hand, typically using pen and paper. There are several types of cipher, like substitution, polyalphabetic substitution, and transposition.<\/p>\n<p>The substitution cipher is an encryption method when parts of the plaintext are replaced with ciphertext and can be decoded using a key. The <strong>polyalphabetic substitution cipher<\/strong> uses a mixed alphabet for encryption.<\/p>\n<p>One type of transposition cipher, the rail fence cipher, is a method of encryption where units of plaintext shift positions based on a specific system. The result is a permuted plaintext. A few other types of transposition cipher include double and <strong>columnar transposition<\/strong>, as well as scytale.<\/p>\n<p>Modern ciphers provide higher security to the plaintext than classical ciphers. There are two main categories of modern encryption methods – private-key cryptography and <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-public-key-cryptography/">public-key cryptography<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>An attacker trying to crack a cipher that uses private-key cryptography is aware of the plaintext and the ciphertext that corresponds to it. Both the sender and the receiver have a pre-shared key they use for decryption. Private-key encryption is done using DES and <strong>AES algorithms<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Correspondence that uses public-key cryptography requires two keys for encryption and decryption – the <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-private-key-secret-key/">private key<\/strong><\/a> and the <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-public-key/">public key<\/strong><\/a>. The sender uses the <strong>public key to encrypt<\/strong> the plaintext. The receiver is not aware of what the private key is. Instead, the receiver has the public key which is used to decrypt the ciphertext and access the message.<\/p>","definition":"the encrypted form of plaintext after applying a cipher to secure the message.","status":"published","meta_title":"What is Ciphertext? Definition & Meaning | Crypto Wiki","meta_description":"Ciphertext meaning: Ciphertext - the encrypted form of plaintext after applying a cipher to secure the message.","meta_keywords":null}" :prev-section="{"id":864,"wikipedia_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shard_(database_architecture)","level":"medium","author_id":1,"created_at":"2023-06-19T06:59:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-12-27T14:51:27.000000Z","slug":"what-is-chunk-near","title":"What is Chunk (NEAR)?","section":"C","keyword":"Chunk (NEAR)","content":"<p>A<strong> part of every block<\/strong> generated by <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-sharding/">sharding on NEAR is referred to as a chunk. Chunks enable the system to scale horizontally by dividing the blockchain state into non-overlapping portions. It is a component of the data sharding system in the NEAR protocol.<\/p>\n<p>Chunks have all transactions of a block, including <strong>results of completing<\/strong> those transactions as receipts.<\/p>\n<p>In a <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-proof-of-stake-pos/">Proof-of-Stake consensus algorithm, anyone can partake as a <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-validator/">validator. It is one of the reasons why the consensus is also referred to as an open Proof-of-Stake. This guarantees that it is <strong>open<\/strong> and permissionless, as well as secure. Proof-of-Stake consensus algorithm is utilized by NEAR.<\/p>\n<p>There are two main functions of chunks:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Execution<\/li>\n<li>State storage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In the process of execution, a chunk processes transactions by utilizing the <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-ethereum-virtual-machine-evm/">EVM. Besides, it keeps a transaction history including successful and <strong>failed transactions.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>State storage, on the other hand, implies that a chunk retains a history of phases, as well as provides indexing and searching services.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, NEAR utilizes sharding as a way to balance <strong>the network<\/strong>. This implies that the speed depends on how many individuals are using it. NEAR is developed keeping sharding in mind throughout the whole process, and it is included in the fundamental protocol, which is different from a lot of other systems.<\/p>\n<p>The maximum manageable decentralization at a performance level similar to <strong>centralized alternatives<\/strong> is achieved by a unique set of design tradeoffs. Sharding also assists in this regard since it parallelizes transactions across thousands of devices.<\/p>\n<p>NEAR protocol has revealed “chunk-only producers” to make it possible for more individuals to participate in safeguarding as well as <strong>decentralizing the system<\/strong>. It is a process that operates on a <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-node/">node and it is qualified to issue blocks. Every <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-shard/">shard is given a dedicated chunk-only producer (COP).<\/p>\n<p>Shards are <strong>groups of computers or validators<\/strong> that complete transactions in a synchronized manner. Every one of them is processing a small portion of all transactions at the same time. This system is used by NEAR.<\/p>\n<p>NEAR has three main advantages for developers:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Compute Resources. CPU, RAM compute resources can be accessed by developers using the protocol to process their application.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Scalability.<\/strong> Developers are able to scale their applications. This way the demand is matched as a result of state sharding. This type of machine learning might be utilized throughout a number of shards, along with decreasing the cost scaling.<\/li>\n<li>NEAR tokens. Users are able to transact on the platform using NEAR tokens. This enables opportunities for connecting with systems and applications developed on top of the protocol.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>NEAR is a decentralized cloud computing network that makes it possible for developers to create applications on top of a shared infrastructure. This network is controlled by validators and stake-weighted community members, who are paid with NEAR tokens for their participation.<\/p>","definition":"A chunk is a portion of each block produced via sharding on NEAR.","status":"published","meta_title":"What is Chunk (NEAR)? Definition & Meaning | Crypto Wiki","meta_description":"Chunk (NEAR) meaning: Chunk (NEAR) - A chunk is a portion of each block produced via sharding on NEAR.","meta_keywords":null}" :model="{"id":162,"wikipedia_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cipher","level":"easy","author_id":1,"created_at":"2023-06-19T06:58:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-12-27T14:53:23.000000Z","slug":"what-is-cipher","title":"What is Cipher?","section":"C","keyword":"Cipher","content":"<p><strong>A<\/strong> Cipher is a tool used for information exchange without a third party being able to interfere or breach the privacy of said information. Cipher is a prominent concept in <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-cryptography/">cryptography, the science of secure communication techniques.<\/p>\n<p>Cipher takes the initial text of the message, or <strong>plaintext<\/strong>, and transforms it into <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-ciphertext/">ciphertext, which is coded to then be safely transmitted to the receiver. The receiver must be in possession of a key that helps decipher the ciphertext back into the original message.<\/p>\n<p>The sender and the receiver determine the key prior to the communication. Ciphers should be able to create a ciphertext that is nearly or completely impossible to crack without knowing the key.<\/p>\n<p>Prior to the development of digital technology, ciphers were done using pen and paper. There are numerous methods of manually <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-encryption/">encrypting a message without the use of a computer. They are known as <strong>classical ciphers<\/strong> and can be categorized into substitution and transposition ciphers.<\/p>\n<p>The mid-20th century saw many developments in the field of cryptanalysis that led to the classical ciphers becoming easy to decrypt. One of the best-known examples of early electromechanical encryption devices was <strong>the Enigma machine<\/strong>. It played an important role in World War II up until the development of the British <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-decryption/">decryption device which cracked the Enigma.<\/p>\n<p>Developments in computer science over the course of the 20th century led to the creation of new cryptography ciphers that are heavily computational. Such ciphers can only be cracked using computers.<\/p>\n<p><a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-cryptocurrency/">Cryptocurrencies as a project were heavily popular among cryptography enthusiasts, known as <strong>cypherpunks<\/strong>. The security of cryptocurrencies is reinforced by the continuous use of cryptographic algorithms in <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"//crypto//learn//crypto-terms//what-is-blockchain/">blockchain networks.<\/p>","definition":"an algorithm used in data encryption and decryption.","status":"published","meta_title":"What is Cipher? Definition & Meaning | Crypto Wiki","meta_description":"Cipher meaning: Cipher - an algorithm used in data encryption and decryption.","meta_keywords":null,"author":{"id":1,"user_id":1,"created_at":"2023-05-03T14:30:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-05-11T07:18:20.000000Z","title":"Editor-In-Chief","slug":"aaron-s-editor-in-chief","description":"<p>Having completed a Master’s degree on Economics, Politics & Culture for the East Asia region, Aaron has written scientific papers with a comparative analysis of the differences between US’ Western and Japan’s Collective forms of capitalism, 1945-2020.<\/p>\n<p>With close to a decade of experience in the FinTech industry, Aaron understands all of the biggest issues and struggles that crypto enthusiasts face. He’s a passionate analyst who is concerned with data-driven and fact-based content, as well as that which speaks to both Web3 natives and industry newcomers.<\/p>\n<p>Aaron is the go-to person for everything and anything related to digital currencies. With a huge passion for blockchain & Web3 education, Aaron strives to transform the space as we know it, and make it more approachable to complete beginners.<\/p>\n<p>Aaron has been quoted by multiple established outlets, and is a published author himself. Even during his free time, he enjoys researching the market trends, and looking for the next supernova.<\/p>","user":{"id":1,"first_name":"Aaron","last_name":"S.","email":"aaron@bitdegree.org","email_sanitized":"aaron@bitdegree.org","email_verified_at":"2023-12-01T09:40:20.000000Z","must_verify_email":false,"is_registered_with_wallet":false,"status":"active","country":"LT","last_connected_ip":"88.119.132.125","image_id":2641,"referral_token":"05TMu2NysXOCn525","referred_by":null,"created_at":"2023-05-03T14:30:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-01-09T15:22:21.000000Z","full_name":"Aaron S."}}}" :chapter-list="[{"id":1,"title":"Blockchain","slug":"blockchain","updated":null,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-blockchain.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/blockchain-101.jpg","rating":100,"sections":[{"chapter_id":1,"order":1,"slug":"what-is-blockchain","title":"What is the Blockchain?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":1,"order":2,"slug":"decentralized-blockchain","title":"Anonymous & Decentralized Blockchains: The Cornerstone of Crypto","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":1,"order":3,"slug":"blockchain-transaction","title":"What is a Blockchain Transaction in Crypto?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":1,"order":4,"slug":"crypto-fees","title":"The Different Types of Crypto Fees Explained","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":1,"order":5,"slug":"what-is-bridging-in-crypto","title":"The Key Notion Behind the Concept of Bridging in Crypto","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":1,"order":6,"slug":"types-of-blockchains","title":"Different Types of Blockchains: What to Look Out For?","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":2,"title":"Cryptocurrencies","slug":"cryptocurrencies","updated":null,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-cryptocurrencies.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/cryptocurrencies-101.jpg","rating":100,"sections":[{"chapter_id":2,"order":1,"slug":"what-is-a-cryptocurrency","title":"What is a Cryptocurrency?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":2,"slug":"how-does-cryptocurrency-work","title":"How Does Cryptocurrency Work?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":3,"slug":"is-cryptocurrency-a-good-investment","title":"Is Cryptocurrency a Good Investment? The Pros & Cons","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":4,"slug":"coin-vs-token","title":"Coin VS Token: How Do They Differ?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":5,"slug":"what-are-stablecoins","title":"What are Stablecoins, Altcoins & Wrapped Coins?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":6,"slug":"what-is-a-bitcoin","title":"Bitcoin: the Pioneer of the Crypto World","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":7,"slug":"what-is-ethereum","title":"The Ultimate Blockchain for dApp Creation: Ethereum","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":8,"slug":"what-is-cardano-in-crypto","title":"What is Cardano and What is It Used For?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":2,"order":9,"slug":"what-is-shiba-inu-coin","title":"Shiba Inu: the Dogecoin 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Wallet?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":4,"order":2,"slug":"hot-wallet-vs-cold-wallet","title":"Hot Wallet VS Cold Wallet: Which One to Pick?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":4,"order":3,"slug":"non-custodial-wallet","title":"What are Non-Custodial Crypto Wallets?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":4,"order":4,"slug":"what-is-metamask","title":"Metamask: The Leading Non-Custodial Wallet","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":4,"order":37,"slug":"how-safe-is-cryptocurrency","title":"The Key Crypto Wallet Safety Practices: How Safe Can Crypto Be?","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":5,"title":"NFTs","slug":"nfts","updated":null,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-nfts.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/nfts-101.jpg","rating":100,"sections":[{"chapter_id":5,"order":2,"slug":"how-to-trade-nfts","title":"NFT Trading: The Ins and Outs","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":5,"order":3,"slug":"buying-nft","title":"Tips and Tricks of Choosing the Right NFTs","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":5,"order":4,"slug":"how-to-store-nft","title":"How to Store NFTs: Best Practices","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":5,"order":5,"slug":"how-to-create-an-nft","title":"How to Create Your Own NFTs?","status":"published","modified_content":null},{"chapter_id":5,"order":6,"slug":"how-to-make-passive-money-with-nft","title":"Making Passive Money with NFTs","status":"published","modified_content":null}]},{"id":6,"title":"dApps & Defi","slug":"dapps-and-defi","updated":true,"chapter":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters\/learn-dapps.jpg","chapter_simple":"crypto\/assets\/crypto-book\/chapters-simple\/dapps-defi-101.jpg","rating":80,"sections":[{"chapter_id":6,"order":1,"slug":"what-are-nfts","title":"What are Non-Fungible Tokens 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